Electronic IC temperature sensors are specialized integrated circuits that are used for sensing temperatures in the -55° C to +150°C range.
The working principle of IC temperature sensors is based on semiconductor physics. When … Read more
A gunn diode is made up of only N-type semiconductor which is typically sandwiched between two metal conductors. The central section is usually lightly doped N– surrounded by heavily doped N+ layers. The … Read more
Aluminium is among the most important metals on earth. It’s used in various industries and applications, including aircraft parts, furniture, and sporting equipment. However, did you know it’s also used to create aluminium substrate PCBs – one of the most … Read more
Frequency synthesis is a technique of producing a range of frequencies with crystal-controlled stability. A frequency synthesizer uses phase-locked loop (PLL) to generate output frequencies over a wide range. The typical range is from 1 MHz to 160 MHz.
A phase-locked loop (PLL) is a form of a servo system which consists of a phase detector, low-pass filter and voltage controlled-oscillator (VCO) as illustrated in the block diagram below. The phase detector compares … Read more
A voltage multiplier is a specialized rectifier circuit capable of producing dc output voltage which is theoretically an integer times the AC peak input, for instance, it is possible to get 200 VDC from a 100 Vpeak AC source … Read more
A clamper circuit or dc restorer is used to clamp a peak of a waveform to a specific DC level compared with a capacitive coupled signal which swings about its average DC level (normally 0 V). If the diode is … Read more
A clipper also referred to as a limiter is a circuit which removes the peak of a waveform. A clipper consists of diodes, resistors and sometimes DC sources to clip or limit the output to a certain level.
The input-output … Read more
