As the name suggests these sensors employs fiber optics technology to function. A fiber optic sensor generally guides light to and from a measurement zone where the light is modulated by the measurand of interest and returned along the same … Read more
Tag: Process instrumentation
Radar Level Transmitters: Operating Principle & Applications
Radar level transmitter basically employs electromagnetic waves to determine the fluid level in a tank. It converts level information into a 4-20 mA signal and transmits it to the controller; this signal may then be used in a measurement … Read more
Pneumatic Signal Transmission System
Signal transmission in process instrumentation and control systems is largely done via electrical transmission but there are a few areas where pneumatic transmission of signals is vital especially where electrical signals or sparks can ignite combustible materials for example in … Read more
Principle of Operation of Magnetostrictive Position Sensors
Magnetostrictive sensors detect the location of a magnetic ring that slides along a conductive metal tube; in other words this sensor operation utilizes the effect of a magnetic field on magnetostrictive wire to function. The figure below illustrates a Magnetostrictive … Read more
Photoelectric Pressure Transducer Operation
The photoelectric pressure transducer uses a phototube and a light source (either a stable source of light or ac modulated light) separated by a window, whose aperture is controlled by the force summing device of the pressure transducer as illustrated … Read more
NAMUR NE 107 Standard for Modern Instrumentation Diagnostics
NAMUR NE 107 is a standard adhered to by manufacturers during the design and fabrication of instruments. NAMUR NE 107 provides status signals that communicate clear messages and remedies. These status signals or diagnostic codes are categorized into four standard … Read more
Steam Conditioning Valves – Features, Advantages & Applications
The Work of Steam Conditioning Valves & Why they are used in Industrial Processes
Typically in an industrial set up, it may be necessary downstream of the main process application of superheated steam to reduce its pressure and temperatures to … Read more
Steam Traps – Basic Features, Types & Applications
A steam trap is a control valve whose basic function is to allow condensate to flow, while preventing the passage of steam until it has given up its heat by condensing back to water; in other words, a steam trap … Read more
Electronic IC Temperature Sensors
Electronic IC temperature sensors are specialized integrated circuits that are used for sensing temperatures in the -55° C to +150°C range.
Basic Principle of IC Temperature Sensors
The working principle of IC temperature sensors is based on semiconductor physics. When … Read more
Testing, Pre-commissioning & Plant Commissioning Requirements
Introduction
A new installation must be fully tested to ensure that the equipment is in full working order prior to its being started. This testing is typically divided into three phases:
- Pre-installation testing.
- Piping and cable testing.
- Loop testing or