Measurement of electric power is essential in both commercial industrial applications and domestic applications. Prior estimation and subsequent measurements of instantaneous and peak power demands of any installation are mandatory for design, operation and maintenance of the electric power supply … Read more
Basics of Radio Frequency (RF) and Wireless Communication Systems
Radio frequency (RF) is any frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio-wave propagation. When an RF current (input signal) is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that is then able to propagate through the space.
RF … Read more
Microwave Tubes
It was discovered in 1939 that a toroidal cavity made of conductive material called a cavity resonator surrounding an electron beam of oscillating intensity could extract power from the beam without intercepting the beam itself. The oscillating electric and magnetic … Read more
Optoelectronics
Optoelectronics deals with the study of all the electrically driven light-emitting devices, all devices which produce electrical effects when exposed to light, and all methods of conducting light through fixed pathways.
Photometry units
When a current is passed through a … Read more
What is the Controller?
A controller is a device that generates an output signal based on the input signal it receives.
The input signal is actually an error signal, which is the difference between the measured variable, and the desired value, or setpoint.
The … Read more
The Operation of a Temperature Control System for lubricating oil
Lubricating oil reduces friction between moving parts and also removes heat from the components. As a result, the oil becomes hot. This heat is removed from the … Read more
The Basics of Electric Circuits
SI Units
The system of units used in engineering and science is the (International System of Units), usually abbreviated as SI units, and is based on the metric system.
The basic units in the SI system are listed with their … Read more
Feedback Control System
The basic elements of a feedback control system are represented by the block diagram below. The functional relationships between these elements are also shown in the diagram.
The block diagram represents flow paths of control … Read more
Principles of Control Systems
A control system is a system of integrated elements whose function is to maintain a process variable at a desired value or within a desired range of values. The control system monitors a process variable or variables, and then causes … Read more