Protection against high currents and voltages is a very important requirement for signal processing circuits. A high current can be protected against by the incorporation in the input line of a series resistor to limit the amount of current flowing … Read more
Tag: instrumentation and control
How to Tune the PID Controller
Before we discuss how to tune the PID controller, let’s look at some basic facts about PID Controller.
Basic Facts about PID Controller
Many control systems use a combinational of three types of control i.e. Proportional + Integral + Derivative … Read more
Methods of Protecting Instruments from Explosive Atmospheres
The protection method used in a specific hazardous location depends on the application, the technology available and the specific explosive atmosphere present.
In this article, we discuss the following methods of protection:
- Encapsulation
- Explosion-proof and Flameproof
- Increased safety
- Intrinsic safety
Functional Safety in Instrumentation Systems (SIS, SIF & SIL)
Functional safety is the risk reduction provided by the functions implemented to ensure the safe operations of the process.
The IEC 61508 standard covers functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems. The purpose of IEC 61508 is to use safety … Read more
4-20 mA Transmitters (2-wire, 3-wire and 4-wire Types)
Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission
Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal standard. The standard was 3-15 psi pneumatic signal where the 3 psi was the ‘live zero’ and 15 psi represented … Read more
What is a Smart Sensor?
A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital to analogue converter (ADC) for actuator control. A typical application of a smart sensor set up is a temperature control … Read more
P&IDs and Loop Diagrams
Process and Instrument Diagrams (P&IDs), also called Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams and Loop diagrams are construction and documentation drawings that show the flow of the process and illustrate the instrumentation control and measurement instructions, wiring and connections to the process.… Read more
What is Motion Control?
Motion control generally refers to an open loop or closed loop electromechanical system in which things are moving. A motion control typically consists of a motor, mechanical parts that move and often feedback sensor(s).
Typical examples of motion control applications … Read more
What is Sequential Control System?
This is a control system that manages a process defined by a series of tasks to be performed i.e. a sequence of operations, one after the other. Each operation in the sequence is performed either for a certain period of … Read more
What is Process Control?
Process control can be defined as a control system that manages a particular industrial process so that a uniform, correct output is maintained. It does this by monitoring and adjusting the control parameters such as the flow rate or temperature … Read more