The 4-20 mA current loop, like the one shown in the diagram below is a typical way of transmitting sensor…
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs), Triacs and other solid-state devices used for switching larger voltages and currents ON and OFF are…
Process Flow Diagrams (PFDs) defines the major elements of the process schematically i.e. the interconnections of process vessels, pipes and…
There are various technologies that are available that help plant automation personnel to obtain diagnostic data which inform the type…
Optimal control is whereby the requirements are formulated as either the minimization of a cost index or the maximization of…
Signal transmission in process instrumentation and control systems is largely done via electrical transmission but there are a few areas…
In similar way to electronic systems, redundancy is extensively employed technique for enhancing the reliability of many industrial plants and…
AC generators can be utilized in high precision control systems. The AC generator rotor is rotated by the rotating shaft…
Magnetostrictive sensors detect the location of a magnetic ring that slides along a conductive metal tube; in other words this…
Discrete Sensor Outputs Basically sensor outputs can be categorized into two types: discrete also referred to discrete or logic…
