Foundation fieldbus (FF) and Profibus are the two most universal serial data bus formats that are used for interfacing between…
A stepper motor is a permanent magnet or variable reluctance DC motor that has the following characteristics: It is able…
Servo motors are continuous motion mechanisms that use feedback signals to provide position and velocity control in a closed loop…
Before we discuss how to tune the PID controller, let’s look at some basic facts about PID Controller. Basic Facts…
Background of 4-20 mA Signal Transmission Initially signal transmission was dominated by pneumatics before the advent of 4-20 mA signal…
A smart sensor is the integration of a sensor with an analogue to digital converter (ADC), a processor and digital…
Most modern PID controllers have the following features: Manual versus automatic modeOutput trackingSetpoint trackingAlarm capabilitiesProcess variable (PV) characterization and dampingSetpoint…
Electromechanical relay (EMR) is a device that uses an electromagnet to provide the force to close or open switch contacts…
Switchgear can be defined as equipment used for controlling, regulating and switching ON and OFF power circuits. Switchgear units range…
Digital PID controllers have replaced most pneumatic and electronic analog controllers in industrial control applications. Digital PID controllers are preferred…
